Sulfate Attack

Sulfate attack of concrete is widespread than often thought. The use of Portland cement with elevated tricalcium aluminate is the anchor for the process. Some Type I cements and all Type III cements are prone to sulfate attack with oxides of sulphur from the environment, soil and water/wastewater.
C3S has the capability to identify sulfate attack and recommend mitigative measures for repair and rehabilitation of structure.


Concrete foundations of telecommunication towers are severely attacked by sulfates.

Cracks at base of concrete foundation

Growth of ettringite in void (by petrographic analysis)